自由潜术语表

鼻腔周围四对充气空腔（额窦、上颌窦、蝶窦、筛窦），下潜时也需要随耳朵一起平衡。

Four pairs of air-filled cavities around the nasal cavity that must equalize alongside the ears during descent.

捏鼻后用肺部压力把气体推向欧氏管的平衡方式，自由潜深度训练中通常不作为主要方法。

An equalization maneuver that uses lung pressure to push air toward the Eustachian tubes while pinching the nose.

通过舌头活塞动作将口腔气压向欧氏管推送，实现耳压平衡的方法。

An equalization technique that pushes air into the Eustachian tubes using the tongue as a piston.

下潜中口鼻气体不断减少时，用喉部把肺里的气体重新吸回口腔，为继续平衡补充气源。

Drawing air from the lungs back up into the mouth using the throat to refill the source for continued equalization during descent.

喉顶部靠近舌根的一片软骨，吞咽时盖住声门防止食物进入气道，也参与气体通路的控制。

A flap of cartilage at the top of the larynx that covers the glottis during swallowing and helps control the airway.

在接近或超过残气量深度时，先做一次小幅受控的反向填充，紧接着完成一次普通 Frenzel 平衡。

A normal Frenzel that follows a small, controlled reverse pack, used when diving near or below residual volume.

在下潜途中将一口空气保留在口腔与软腭之间，作为后续 Frenzel 平衡的气源。

A technique of holding a charge of air in the mouth and soft palate during descent to use for subsequent Frenzel equalizations.

衡量一口填充气能支撑多深的指标：可平衡深度的静水压是提气深度静水压的几倍，系数就是几。

A measure of how deep one mouthfill can support, equal to how many times the equalizing depth's hydrostatic pressure exceeds the charging depth's.

通过主动收缩软腭和上喉肌肉让咽鼓管保持张开，不需要捏鼻就能完成的平衡方式。

An equalization that keeps the Eustachian tubes open by voluntarily contracting the soft palate and upper throat muscles, without pinching the nose.

连接中耳与鼻咽部的通道，耳压平衡时气体需要通过这里进入中耳。

The passage connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx; air must pass through it to equalize middle-ear pressure.

提气之后进入的平衡阶段，靠口腔肌肉缓慢、连续地分配这口气，并在不同舌位锁之间切换。

The equalizing phase after charging, where oral muscles slowly and continuously meter the air while switching between locks.

口腔后上方的软组织，会影响口腔、鼻腔与肺部之间的气体通路。

The soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth that helps control airflow between the mouth, nose, and lungs.

实现 Frenzel 平衡的四个舌头位置（P、T、K、SP），也称“锁”，决定气体被推送的方向。

The four tongue positions (P, T, K, SP) that enable Frenzel equalization, also called locks, controlling where air is pushed.

声带之间的缝隙状开口，关闭它能把口腔的气体和肺部隔开，是口腔填充的关键控制点。

The slit-like opening between the vocal folds; closing it seals the mouth air from the lungs, a key control point for mouthfill.

普通捏鼻平衡再也推不动气体的深度，通常意味着需要切换到口腔填充技术。

The depth at which ordinary pinch-nose equalization can no longer move air, usually the cue to switch to mouthfill.

口腔填充技术中，从肺部把一口气转移到口腔的动作，提气后再关闭声门作为平衡气源。

The act of shifting a charge of air from the lungs into the mouth during mouthfill, after which the glottis is closed.

耳膜与内耳之间的含气腔，下潜时必须通过咽鼓管向这里补气，否则会被压差挤压受伤。

The air-filled cavity between the eardrum and inner ear that must be supplied with air through the Eustachian tube during descent.

面部接触冷水后触发的一系列生理反应，包括心率减慢、外周血管收缩、血液转移等。

A set of physiological responses triggered by facial contact with cold water, including bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, and blood shift.

最大呼气后肺内仍保留的气体量，是理解肺压缩和深度适应的重要概念。

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation, important for understanding lung compression and depth adaptation.

人在休息平静时不主动干预的自然呼吸，每次进出的气量就是潮气量。

The natural, relaxed breathing at rest without active interference, moving one tidal volume per breath.

平静呼吸时一次吸入或呼出的气量，是放松呼吸节奏的基准。

The amount of air moved in or out during one relaxed, resting breath, the baseline of calm breathing.

血液二氧化碳低于正常水平的状态，常因过度换气造成，会推迟呼吸欲望并增加黑视风险。

A lower-than-normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood, often from hyperventilation, which delays the urge to breathe.

细胞代谢产生的气体，它在血液中升高才是“想呼吸”信号的真正来源，而不是缺氧。

A gas produced by cellular metabolism; its rise in the blood, not low oxygen, is the real trigger of the urge to breathe.

在最大吸气后用口腔和喉部肌肉把额外空气“打”进肺里的进阶技术，需谨慎使用以免受伤。

An advanced technique that uses mouth and throat muscles to force extra air into the lungs after a full inhale.

最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量，反映可主动调动的肺容积。

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a full inhalation, reflecting the usable lung capacity.

最大吸气后肺部可容纳的总气体量，等于肺活量与残气量之和。

The total amount of air in the lungs after maximal inhalation, equal to vital capacity plus residual volume.

靠横膈下移、腹部前鼓来吸气的放松呼吸方式，能把空气送到肺底部。

A relaxed breathing style that inhales by lowering the diaphragm and expanding the belly to fill the lower lungs.

血液二氧化碳浓度高于正常水平的状态，会带来强烈的呼吸欲望和不适感。

A state of higher-than-normal carbon dioxide in the blood, producing a strong urge to breathe and discomfort.

放松被动呼气后肺里剩下的气量，是 FRC 下潜训练的起始容积。

The volume of air left in the lungs after a relaxed, passive exhalation, the starting point for FRC dives.

呼吸超过身体所需、过度排出二氧化碳，会推迟呼吸欲望却让缺氧风险悄悄提前的危险习惯。

Breathing more than the body needs and flushing out carbon dioxide; it delays the urge to breathe while quietly raising blackout risk.

二氧化碳升高、呼吸欲望增强时呼吸肌出现的不自主痉挛，是正常信号而非危险，标志闭气进入中后段。

An involuntary spasm of the breathing muscles triggered by rising carbon dioxide and the urge to breathe, a normal signal.

控制气流进出的器官，俗称“喉咙/语音盒”，内含声带和声门，是闭气与发声的关键结构。

The organ that controls airflow, also called the voice box, housing the vocal cords and glottis.

闭气过程中想呼吸的主观感受，主要受二氧化碳上升影响，而不等同于缺氧。

The subjective desire to breathe during apnea, driven mainly by rising carbon dioxide rather than being the same as hypoxia.

平静呼气之后还能主动继续呼出的那部分气量，是理解功能余气量的组成部分。

The extra air that can still be actively exhaled after a normal, relaxed exhalation.

平静吸气之后还能继续吸入的那部分气量，与潮气量、余气量共同构成肺总量。

The additional air that can still be inhaled after a normal, relaxed inhalation.

细胞利用氧分解葡萄糖产生能量（ATP）的过程，副产物是二氧化碳，是耗氧与产气的根本来源。

The process where cells use oxygen to break down glucose for energy (ATP), producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

下潜时四肢血液向胸腔和头部集中的反应，帮助保护肺部不被压缩损伤。

The redistribution of blood from the limbs toward the chest and head during a dive, helping protect the lungs from compression.

剧烈活动或长时间闭气后身体累积的缺氧量，出水后需要靠恢复呼吸尽快偿还。

The accumulated oxygen shortfall after intense effort or a long breath-hold, repaid through recovery breathing after surfacing.

闭气前的调息阶段，强调缓慢的节奏和腹部起伏，目的是把身心放松到最大程度，而不是过度换气。

The pre-dive breathing phase focused on slow rhythm and belly movement to maximize relaxation, not to hyperventilate.

浸入液体的物体受到的浮力等于它排开液体的重量，是理解配重和中性浮力的起点。

The buoyant force on a submerged body equals the weight of the fluid it displaces, the basis for weighting and buoyancy.

血液二氧化碳升高、酸度增加时，血红蛋白更容易把氧气释放给组织的现象。

As carbon dioxide and acidity rise, hemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues more readily.

固定温度下气体体积与压力成反比，下潜越深肺内气体被压缩得越小，是理解肺压缩和耗气的基础。

At a fixed temperature a gas's volume is inversely proportional to its pressure, so lung air compresses as depth and pressure rise.

头顶上方大气层的重量带来的压力，海平面约为 1 bar，相当于约 10 米水的压力。

The pressure from the weight of the atmosphere above you, about 1 bar at sea level, roughly equal to 10 meters of water.

混合气体的总压等于各组分分压之和，下潜时肺内每种气体的分压都随压力同步升高。

The total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of its component gases' partial pressures, all rising together with depth.

混合气体中某一种气体单独贡献的压力，等于总压乘以该气体所占比例。

The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture, equal to total pressure times that gas's fraction.

水对浸入物体向上的托力，等于物体排开水的重量，决定潜水员是上浮、悬停还是下沉。

The upward force water exerts on a submerged object, equal to the weight of water it displaces.

气体溶入液体的量与其在液面上的分压成正比，深度增加会让更多气体溶进血液和组织。

The amount of a gas dissolving into a liquid is proportional to that gas's partial pressure above the liquid.

作用在潜水员身上的总压力，等于大气压加上水的压力，每下潜 10 米约增加 1 bar。

The total pressure acting on a diver, equal to atmospheric plus water pressure, rising about 1 bar every 10 meters.

身体上方水柱的重量带来的压力，每下潜 10 米增加约 1 bar，也叫静水压力。

The pressure from the weight of the water column above you, rising about 1 bar for every 10 meters of depth.

无色无味的气体，每个分子由两个氧原子组成，是细胞产生能量的关键，其分压随深度变化直接影响安全。

A colorless, odorless gas of two-atom molecules essential for energy production, whose partial pressure shifts with depth.

在训练或比赛中专门负责接潜、观察并应对危险信号的潜水员，分主动安全员和被动安全员。

A diver whose dedicated role is to receive, watch, and respond to danger signals for the performing diver.

鼻窦无法及时平衡时粘膜受压差损伤，可能流鼻血或面部疼痛，常因感冒或鼻塞诱发。

Damage to the sinus lining from an unequalized pressure difference, sometimes causing a nosebleed or facial pain.

深度下氮气在神经系统积累引起的暂时意识和判断改变，类似“喝醉”的感觉。

A temporary change in awareness and judgment at depth caused by nitrogen accumulating in the nervous system.

身体组织可用氧气不足的状态，是自由潜黑视和意识丧失风险的核心原因。

A state of insufficient available oxygen in body tissues and the core cause of blackout risk in freediving.

平衡失败导致耳膜承受过大压差而破裂，属于严重耳气压伤，会带来眩晕、恶心和听力障碍。

A tear of the eardrum from an excessive pressure difference when equalization fails, a serious ear barotrauma.

由滑轮和重物组成的深度安全系统，紧急时释放配重，通过安全绳把水下失去意识的潜水员快速带回水面。

A pulley-and-counterweight safety system that, in an emergency, rapidly brings an unconscious diver to the surface via the lanyard.

深度下肺部被压缩超过其适应能力造成的损伤，可能咳血，是过早冲深的典型代价。

Injury caused when the lungs are compressed beyond their adapted limit at depth, sometimes producing blood in the cough.

因低氧导致的意识丧失，自由潜训练必须通过潜伴、保守计划和恢复呼吸来预防。

Loss of consciousness caused by hypoxia; freediving training prevents it through buddy procedures, conservative planning, and recovery breathing.

出水后用于稳定氧气供应和意识状态的呼吸流程，通常包含主动吸气、短暂保持和带阻力的呼气。

A post-surfacing breathing protocol used to stabilize oxygen supply and consciousness, often involving active inhales, short holds, and relaxed exhales.

压力快速变化后氮气在组织中形成气泡造成的损伤，反复深潜和过短的水面间隔会增加风险。

Injury from nitrogen bubbles forming in tissues after rapid pressure changes, with risk raised by repeated deep dives.

对失去呼吸的潜水员进行的人工呼吸，是黑视救援流程中恢复通气的关键急救手段。

Artificial ventilation given to a non-breathing diver, a key first-aid step in the blackout rescue sequence.

上升时中耳或鼻窦的气体被堵住无法排出，膨胀引起疼痛，需要放慢上升来处理。

Trapped air in the middle ear or sinuses that cannot escape on ascent, expanding and causing pain.

体内含气腔与外界压力差造成的组织损伤，自由潜里也俗称“挤压”。

Tissue damage caused by a pressure difference between an air-filled body cavity and the surroundings, also called a squeeze.

在你下潜前、中、后负责看护你的搭档，“永不独潜”是自由潜的最高安全原则。

A partner who watches over you before, during, and after your dive; never diving alone is the top safety rule.

上升最后阶段压力骤降、氧分压暴跌引发的黑视，上浮最后 5 米是真正的高风险区。

A blackout near the surface caused by the rapid pressure drop on ascent slashing oxygen partial pressure.

两次下潜之间在水面休息的时间，足够的间隔能恢复氧气、排出二氧化碳并降低减压病风险。

The rest time at the surface between two dives, long enough to recover oxygen and lower decompression risk.

失去方向感或天旋地转的感觉，常因两耳平衡不均（交变眩晕）或耳部气压伤引起。

A sensation of spinning or disorientation, often caused by unequal ear equalization or ear barotrauma.

低氧时出现的短暂运动控制异常，可能表现为抽动、无法稳定手势或无法完成恢复呼吸。

A hypoxic event involving temporary loss of motor control, such as twitching or inability to complete signals or recovery breaths.

皮肤或嘴唇因组织缺氧而发青发紫的现象，是低氧的可见警示信号，常见于黑视前后。

A bluish discoloration of skin or lips from low tissue oxygen, a visible warning sign of hypoxia.

重量超过浮力、身体自然下沉的状态，下潜过一定深度后进入负浮力区并可开始自由落体。

The state where weight exceeds buoyancy and the body sinks, entered below a certain depth where free fall can begin.

减少阻力的身体姿态，让头、躯干、髋部和腿部尽量保持同一条水下运动线。

A low-drag body position that keeps the head, torso, hips, and legs aligned along the direction of underwater movement.

重量沿身体的分布方式，良好的配平能用最少的力气把身体稳定在水中的目标姿态和深度。

How weight is distributed along the body; good trim holds your position and depth with minimal effort.

从水面转入下潜的入水动作，通过折髋、抬腿和身体重量让身体垂直进入水下。

A surface entry technique that uses hip folding, leg lift, and body weight to transition into a vertical descent.

完全放松时在水中既不上浮也不下沉的状态，是配重和深度计划的参考点。

The state of neither floating nor sinking while fully relaxed in the water, a reference for weighting and dive planning.

下潜前在水面做的配重检查：舒适被动呼气后应能漂浮在水面，确认没有超重，是重要的安全步骤。

A pre-dive weighting check: after a relaxed passive exhale you should still float, confirming you are not over-weighted.

下潜进入负浮力区后停止踢动，保持流线放松，靠重力自然下沉的阶段。

The phase after reaching negative buoyancy where the diver stops kicking and sinks effortlessly in a relaxed streamline.

用放松呼气后剩余的气量（约肺总量的 45-50%）下潜，在较浅深度模拟更深压力的训练方式。

Diving on the air left after a passive exhalation to simulate the pressure of greater depths at shallower water.

连接潜水员和导潜绳的安全装备，用于低能见度、深度训练和比赛中的位置管理。

A safety tether connecting the diver to the dive line for position management in low visibility, depth training, and competition.

夹住鼻孔防止进水漏气的小装置，常配流体目镜或在无面镜训练时使用。

A small device that pinches the nostrils shut to stop water entry and air loss, often used with fluid goggles.

双脚共用的单片大脚蹼，用海豚式波浪动作推进，效率高但学习曲线较陡。

A single large fin worn by both feet, propelled with a dolphin-like undulation for high efficiency.

开放水域训练中用于定深、导航、转身和安全管理的垂直绳索系统。

A vertical line system used in open-water training for depth reference, navigation, turning, and safety management.

开放水域训练的水面平台，用于固定导潜绳、休息、沟通和安全管理。

A surface platform used in open-water training to anchor the dive line and support resting, communication, and safety management.

在水面休息或看护潜伴时使用的简单呼吸管，下潜前必须取出，绝不能咬着下潜。

A simple tube used for resting or watching a buddy at the surface; never descend with it in your mouth.

像项圈一样套在脖子上的配重，重心更靠上、救援时易摘除，常用于动态和深度训练。

A collar-like weight worn around the neck that shifts trim higher and can be quickly removed in a rescue.

内部充满液体的专用目镜，靠特殊镜片矫正水下视力，因无气腔而不需要平衡。

Goggles filled with fluid that correct underwater vision with special lenses and need no equalization since they hold no air.

自由潜专用面镜容积小、裙边软，能在平衡时少耗气；选择时要贴合脸型且方便捏鼻。

A freediving mask has low internal volume and a soft skirt to save air during equalization, and should fit the face closely.

腰间佩戴、带快卸扣的橡胶配重带，用来抵消湿衣浮力、帮助穿过正浮力区。

A rubber belt with a quick-release buckle worn at the waist to offset wetsuit buoyancy and help pass the positive zone.

用氯丁橡胶保暖的潜水服，按水温选厚度，应贴身但不勒到影响正常呼吸。

A neoprene suit for thermal protection, chosen by water temperature; it should fit snugly without restricting breathing.

为自由潜设计的一对长蹼片、软脚套脚蹼，靠髋部和脚踝发力做振幅式踢蹼。

A pair of long-bladed, soft-pocket fins designed for freediving, driven by the hips and ankles in an amplitude kick.

裁判给出的成绩有效判定，表示水面程序完整、无违规，成绩全额计入。

The judges' card for a clean, valid performance with a correct surface protocol and no infractions.

在泳池中闭气水平游进的项目，使用双蹼或单蹼推进。

A pool discipline where the diver swims horizontally on one breath using bifins or a monofin.

泳池中不穿脚蹼、靠蛙泳式划水和蹬腿水平游进的闭气项目。

A pool discipline swimming horizontally on one breath without fins, using a breaststroke-like stroke and kick.

深度比赛中底板上方一段标记区（俗称糖果棒），在这段范围内抓握导潜绳不会被判违规。

A marked stripe of dive line above the bottom plate (the candy cane) where grabbing the line is allowed without penalty.

潜水员在某个项目中个人达到过的最长时间、最远距离或最深深度，是衡量进步的个人基准。

The longest time, furthest distance, or deepest dive a diver has personally achieved in a discipline.

比赛中规定的正式出发时刻，选手必须在以此为基准的允许窗口内开始表现，否则受罚。

The official start time of a competition dive, from which the allowed window to begin the performance is measured.

配重不变、使用双蹼沿绳下潜上升的深度项目，不可使用海豚踢。

A depth discipline using bifins along the line without changing ballast and without the dolphin kick.

配重不变、不穿任何脚蹼，仅靠划水和蹬腿完成下潜上升的深度项目，技术难度最高。

A depth discipline with no fins and unchanged ballast, using only arm strokes and leg kicks; the most technical.

开放水域沿绳下潜和上升的深度项目，下潜与上升过程中配重保持不变，可用双蹼或单蹼。

An open-water depth discipline where the diver descends and ascends along a line without changing ballast, using bifins or a monofin.

成绩无效判定，常因黑视、运动控制丧失、未完成水面程序或严重违规导致，本次成绩不计。

A disqualifying card given for a blackout, loss of motor control, failed surface protocol, or serious rule violation.

成绩有效但存在轻微违规（如水面程序瑕疵、超出宣告），按规则扣分而非取消成绩。

A valid performance with a minor infraction such as a flawed surface protocol, scored with a point penalty rather than disqualified.

在水面静止状态下进行的闭气项目，重点考验放松、二氧化碳耐受和安全流程。

A breath-hold discipline performed motionless at the surface, emphasizing relaxation, carbon dioxide tolerance, and safety protocol.

靠重物快速下潜、把重物留在底部、再靠脚蹼或攀绳上升的深度项目。

A depth discipline descending on a weight left at the bottom, then ascending by finning or pulling the line.

不使用脚蹼，依靠手拉导潜绳完成下潜和上升的深度项目。

A depth discipline where the diver descends and ascends by pulling on the line without fins.

选手在比赛中真正完成的成绩，与宣告成绩对比后用于计分和扣分判定。

The performance a diver actually achieves in competition, compared against the announced performance for scoring.

出水后必须在规定时间内完成的一连串动作：摘除面部装备、给出 OK 手势并说出“I'm OK”，用来证明意识清醒。

A required sequence after surfacing—remove face gear, give the OK signal, and say I'm OK within a time limit—to prove clear consciousness.

靠重物下潜、用浮力装置上升的极限深度项目，能达到最大深度，但风险也最高。

An extreme depth discipline descending on a weight and ascending with a buoyancy device; deepest but highest risk.

选手在比赛前提交的计划成绩（时间、距离或深度），实际成绩低于宣告值会被扣分。

The planned time, distance, or depth a diver declares before the dive; falling short of it incurs a penalty.

把注意力按顺序放到身体不同部位，识别紧张并主动释放的心理训练方法。

A mental training method that moves attention through body regions to notice tension and release it deliberately.

在训练前于脑内预演动作、节奏和安全流程，帮助身体提前熟悉任务。

Mental rehearsal of movement, rhythm, and safety procedures before training so the body becomes familiar with the task.

不带评判地觉察当下身体、念头和环境的练习，帮助潜水员在水里保持放松而专注。

A nonjudgmental, moment-to-moment awareness of body, mind, and surroundings that supports relaxed focus underwater.

在“集中”（锁定单一目标）和“分散”（注意力均匀铺开）之间切换的心理技能，用来进入潜水前的放松觉察状态。

The mental skill of switching between concentrating on one target and deconcentration that spreads attention evenly to reach a pre-dive relaxed state.